Infant Cognitive Development and Screens

Adams, E. L., Marini, M. E., Stokes, J., Birch, L. L., Paul, I. M., & Savage, J. S. (2018). INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention reduces infant’s screen time and television exposure. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0657-5.

Barr, R., & Kirkorian, H. (2023). Reexamining models of early learning in the digital age: Applications for learning in the wild. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 12(4), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000132.

Christakis, D. A. (2009). The effects of infant media usage: What do we know and what should we learn? Acta Pædiatrica, 98, 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01027.x.

DeLoache, J. S., Chiong, C., Sherman, K., Islam, N., Vanderborght, M., Troseth, G. L., … & O’Doherty, K. (2010). Do babies learn from baby media? Psychological Science, 21(11), 1570-1574. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610384145.

Duch, H., Fisher, E. M., Ensari, I., Font, M., Harrington, A., Taromino, C., … & Rodriguez, C. (2013). Association of screen time use and language development in Hispanic toddlers: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Clinical Pediatrics, 52(9), 857-865. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922813492881.

Durham, K., Wethmar, D., Brandstetter, S., Seelbach-Göbel, B., Apfelbacher, C., Melter, M., … & KUNO Kids Study Group. (2021). Digital media exposure and predictors for screen time in 12-month-old children: A cross-sectional analysis of data from a German birth cohort. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737178.

Gastaud, L. M., Trettim, J. P., Scholl, C. C., Rubin, B. B., Coelho, F. T., Krause, G. B., … & de Avila Quevedo, L. (2023). Screen time: Implications for early childhood cognitive development. Early Human Development, 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105792.

Hipp, D., Gerhardstein, P., Zimmermann, L., Moser, A., Taylor, G., & Barr, R. (2017). The dimensional divide: Learning from TV and touchscreens during early childhood. In: Barr, R. & Linebarger, D. (Eds.). Media Exposure During Infancy and Early Childhood (pp. 33-54). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45102-2_3.

Kirkorian, H. L., Pempek, T. A., Murphy, L. A., Schmidt, M. E., & Anderson, D. R. (2009). The impact of background television on parent–child interaction. Child Development, 80, 1350-1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01337.x.

Koch, F. S., Sundqvist, A., Thornberg, U. B., Barr, R., & Heimann, M. (2024). Toddler’s memory and media – Picture book reading and watching video content are associated with memory at 2 years of age. Infancy, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12609.

Law, E. C., Han, M. X., Lai, Z., Lim, S., Ong, Z. Y., Ng, V., … & Nelson, C. A. (2023). Associations between infant screen use, electroencephalography markers, and cognitive outcomes. JAMA Pediatrics, 177(3), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5674.

Lin, L. Y., Cherng, R. J., Chen, Y. J., Chen, Y. J., & Yang, H. M. (2015). Effects of television exposure on developmental skills among young children. Infant Behavior and Development, 38, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.12.005.

McHarg, G., Ribner, A. D., Devine, R. T., & Hughes, C. (2020). Screen time and executive function in toddlerhood: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570392.

McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Belsky, J., & Ellis, B. J. (2021). The value of dimensional models of early experience: Thinking clearly about concepts and categories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1463-1472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621992346.

Pagani, L. S., Fitzpatrick, C., Barnett, T. A., & Dubow, E. (2010). Prospective associations between early childhood television exposure and academic, psychosocial, and physical well-being by middle childhood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(5), 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.50.

Ramírez, N. F., Hippe, D. S., & Shapiro, N. T. (2021). Exposure to electronic media between 6 and 24 months of age: An exploratory study. Infant Behavior and Development, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101549.

Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2020). The Common Sense Census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, 2020. Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/2020_zero_to_eight_census_final_web.pdf.

Rocha, H. A. L., Correia, L. L., Leite, Á. J. M., Machado, M. M. T., Lindsay, A. C., Rocha, S. G. M. O., … & Sudfeld, C. R. (2021). Screen time and early childhood development in Ceará, Brazil: A population-based study. BMC Public Health, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12136-2.

Stockdale, L. A., Porter, C., Coyne, S. M., Essig, L. W., Booth, M., Keenan-Kroff, S., & Schvaneveldt, E. (2020). Infants’ response to a mobile phone modified still-face paradigm: Links to maternal behaviors and beliefs regarding technoference. Infancy, 25(5), 571-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12342. 

Sundqvist, A., Koch, F. S., Thornberg, U. B., Barr, R., & Heimann, M. (2021). Growing up in a digital world – Digital media and the association with the child’s language development at two years of age. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569920. 

Swider-Cios, E., Vermeij, A., & Sitskoorn, M. M. (2023). Young children and screen-based media: The impact on cognitive and socioemotional development and the importance of parental mediation. Cognitive Development, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101319.

Takahashi, I., Obara, T., Ishikuro, M., Murakami, K., Ueno, F., Noda, A., … & Kuriyama, S. (2023). Screen time at age 1 year and communication and problem-solving developmental delay at 2 and 4 years. JAMA Pediatrics, 177(10), 1039-1046. https://doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057.

Zack, E., Barr, R., Gerhardstein, P., Dickerson, K., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2009). Infant imitation from television using novel touch screen technology. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X334700.