Sleep and Screens

Abid, R., Ammar, A., Maaloul, R., Boudaya, M., Souissi, N., & Hammouda, O. (2024). Nocturnal smartphone use affects sleep quality and cognitive and physical performance in Tunisian school-age children. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ, 14(4), 856-869. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe14040055

Axelsson, E.L., Purcell, K., Asis, A., Paech, G., Metse, A., Murphy, D., & Robson, A. (2022). Preschoolers’ engagement with screen content and associations with sleep and cognitive development, Acta Psychol, 230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103762

Becker, S.P., & Lienesch, J.A. (2018). Nighttime media use in adolescents with ADHD: Links to sleep problems and internalizing symptoms. Sleep Med, 51, 171-178. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.06.021

Bellagamba, F., Presaghi, F., Di Marco, M., D’Abundo, E., Blanchfield, O., & Barr R. (2021) How infant and toddlers’ media use is related to sleeping habits in everyday life in Italy. Front. Psychol, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589664

Bozkurt, A., Demirdöğen, E.Y., & Akıncı, M.A., (2024) The association between bedtime procrastination, sleep quality, and problematic smartphone use in adolescents: A mediation analysis. The Eurasian J Med, 56, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2024.23379

Brushe, M.E., Islam, T., Monroy, N.S., Sincovich, A., Gregory, T., Finlay-Jones, A., & Brinkman, S.A. (2022). Prevalence of electronic device use before bed among Australian children and adolescents: A cross-sectional population level study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 46(3), 286–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13214

Charmarman, L., Richer, A.M., Ben-Joseph, E.P., & Klerman, E.B. (2020). Quantity, content, and context matter: Associations among social technology use and sleep habits in early adolescents. J Adolesc Health, 69(1), 162-165. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.035

Chen, Y., Li, Y., Li, S., He, M., Chen, Q., Ru, T., & Zhou, G. (2024). When and what: A longitudinal study on the role of screen time and activities in adolescent sleep. Sleep Med, 117, 33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.03.008

Cheung, C., Bedford, R., Saez De Urabain, I., Karmiloff-Smith, A., & Smith, T.J. (2017).  Daily touchscreen use in infants and toddlers is associated with reduced sleep and delayed sleep onset. Sci Rep, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46104 

Chindamo, S., Buja, A., DeBattisti, E., Terraneo, A., Marini, E., Javier, L.,…& Gallimberti, L. (2019). Sleep and new media usage in toddlers. Eur J Pediatr, 178, 483–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03318-7

Chiu, K., Lewis, F.C., Ashton, R., Cornish, K.M., & Johnson, K.A. (2022). Higher tablet use is associated with better sustained attention performance but poorer sleep quality in school-aged children. Front Psychol, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742468

Common Sense Media. (2019). The Common Sense census: Media use by tweens and teens, 2019. Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/2019-census-8-to-18-full-report-updated.pdf

Conlin, M.C., & Sillence, E. (2021). Exploring British adolescents’ views and experiences of problematic smartphone use and smartphone etiquette. Journal of Gambling Issues, 46. 279-301. doi: 10.4309/jgi.2021.46.14

Daniels, A., Pillion, M., Rullo, B., Mikulcic, J., Whittall, H., Bartel, K.,…& Bauducco, S.V. (2023). Technology use as a sleep-onset aid: Are adolescents using apps to distract themselves from negative thoughts? Sleep Adv, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac047

Diler, F., & Başkale, H. (2022). The influence of sleep patterns and screen time on the sleep needs of infants and toddlers: A cross-sectional study. J Pediatr Nurs, 67. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.07.014

Dong, H., Wang, T., Feng, J., Xue, Y., & Jia, F. (2023). The relationship between screen time before bedtime and behaviors of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder and the mediating effects of sleep. BMC Psychiatry, 23(635). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05128-6

Echevarria, P., Del-Ponte, B., Tovo-Rodrigues, L., Matijasevich, A., Halal, C.S., & Santos, I.S. (2023). Screen use and sleep duration and quality at 15 years old: Cohort study. Sleep Medicine: X, 5. doi: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2023.100073

Eto, T., & Higuchi, S. (2023). Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: Melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 42(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00328-1 

Exelmans, L., & Van den Bulck, J. (2017). Bedtime, shuteye time and electronic media: Sleep displacement is a two‐step process. Journal Sleep Res, 26(3), 364–370. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12510 

Fitzpatrick, C., Almeida, M.L., Harvey, E., Garon-Carrier, G., Berrigan, F., & Asbridge, M. (2022). An examination of bedtime social media and excessive screen time by Canadian preschoolers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Pediatr, 22(212). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03280-8

Gamble, A.L., D’Rozario, A.L., Bartlett, D.J., Williams, S., Bin, Y.S., Grunstein, R.R., & Marshall, N.S. (2014). Adolescent sleep patterns and night-time technology use: Results of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s Big Sleep Survey. PloS One, 9(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111700

Garrison, M.M., Liekweg, K., & Christakis, D.A. (2011). Media use and child sleep: The impact of content, timing, and environment. Pediatrics, 128(1), 29-35. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-3304

Gaya, A.R., Brum, R., Brites, K., Gaya, A., de Borba Schneiders, L., Duarte Junior, A., & López-Gil, J. (2023). Electronic device and social network use and sleep outcomes among adolescents: The EHDLA study. BMC Public Health, 23(919). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15579-x 

Hale, L., Kirschen, G.W., LeBourgeois, M.K., Gradisar, M., Garrison, M.M., Montgomery-Downs, H.,…& Buxton, O.M. (2018). Youth screen media habits and sleep: Sleep-friendly screen behavior recommendations for clinicians, educators, and parents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 27(2), 229-245. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.014 

Hartstein, L.E., Diniz Behn, C., Wright, K.P., Jr., Akacem, L.D., Stowe, S.R., & LeBourgeois, M.K. (2023). Evening light intensity and phase delay of the circadian clock in early childhood. J Biol Rhythms, 38(1), 77–86. doi: 10.1177/07487304221134330 

Hartstein, L.E., Mathew, G.M., Reichenberger, D.A., Rodriguez, I., Allen, N., Chang, A.M.,…& Hale, L. (2024). The impact of screen use on sleep health across the lifespan: A national sleep foundation consensus statement. Sleep Health, 10(4), 373-384. https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218(24)00090-1/fulltext

Helm, A.F., & Spencer, R.M.C. (2019). Television use and its effects on sleep in early childhood. Sleep Health, 5(3), 241-247. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.02.009

Horiuchi, F., Oka, Y., Kawabe, K., & Ueno, S. (2020). Sleep habits and electronic media usage in Japanese children: A prospective comparative analysis of preschoolers. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145189

Hysing, M., Pallesen, S., Stormark, K.M., Jakobsen, R., Lundervold, A.J., & Sivertsen, B. (2015). Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study. BMJ Open, 5(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006748

Jakobsson, M., Josefsson, K., & Högberg, K. (2024). Adolescents’ suggestions on how to support their sleep: A focus group study. J Sch Nurs, 40(3), 275-284. doi: 10.1177/10598405221084317 

Johansson, A.E., Petrisko, M.A., & Chasens, E.R. (2016). Adolescent sleep and the impact of technology use before sleep on daytime function. J Pediatr Nurs, 31(5), 498-504. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.04.004 

Khan, A., Reyad, M.A.H., Edwards, E., & Horwood, S. (2023). Associations between adolescent sleep difficulties and active versus passive screen time across 38 countries. J Affect Disord, 320, 298-304. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.137

Khan, A., Thomas, G., Karatela, S., Morawska, A., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2024). Intense and problematic sleep social media use and sleep difficulties of adolescents in 40 countries. Journal of Adolescence, 96(5), 1116-1125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12321 

Lee, P.H., Tse, A.C.Y., Cheung, T., Do, C.W., Szeto, G., So, B., & Lee, R. (2022). Bedtime smart device usage and accelerometer-measured sleep outcomes in children and adolescents. Sleep Breath, 26, 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02377-1

Lin, J., Magiati, I., Chiong, S.H., Singhal, S., Riard, N., Ng, I.,…& Chui, M. (2019). The relationship among screen use, sleep, and emotional/behavioral difficulties in preschool children with neurodevelopmental disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 40, 519-529. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000683 

McManus, B., Underhill, A., Mrug, S., Anthony, T., & Stavrinos, D. (2021). Gender moderates the relationship between media use and sleep quality. J Sleep Res, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13243

Mireku, M.O., Barker, M.M., Mutz, J., Dumontheil, I., Thomas, M.S.C., Röösli, M.,…& Toledano, M.B. (2019). Night-time screen-based media device use and adolescents’ sleep and health-related quality of life. Environ Int, 124, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.069 

Nagata, J.M., Singh, G., Yang, J.H., Smith, N., Kiss, O., Ganson, K.T.,…& Baker, F.C. (2023). Bedtime screen use behaviors and sleep outcomes: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Sleep Health, 9(4), 497-502. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.02.005 

Nathanson, A.I., & Beyens, I. (2018). The relation between use of mobile electronic devices and bedtime resistance, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness among preschoolers. Behav Sleep Med, 16(2), 202-219. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2016.1188389 

Nishioka, T., Hasunuma, H., Okuda, M., Taniguchi, N., Fujino, T., Shimomura, H.,…& Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group. (2022). Effects of screen viewing time on sleep duration and bedtime in children aged 1 and 3 years: Japan environment and children’s study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073914

Nosetti, L., Lonati, I., Marelli, S., Salsone, M., Sforza, M., Castelnuovo, A.,…& Castronovo, V. (2021). Impact of pre-sleep habits on adolescent sleep: An Italian population-based study. Sleep Med, 81, 300-306. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.054 

Paruthi, S., Brooks, L.J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W.A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R.M.,…& Wise, M.S. (2016). Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: Methodology and discussion. J Clin Sleep Med, 12(11), 1549-1561. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6288 

Pillion, M., Gradisar, M., Bartel, K., Whittall, H., & Kahn, M. (2022). What’s “app”-ning to adolescent sleep? Links between device, app use, and sleep outcomes. Sleep Med, 100, 174–182. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.08.004 

Poirier, K., Gauvin, L., Haddad, S., Bélanger, R.E., Leatherdale, S.T., & Turcotte-Tremblay, A.M. (2024). Evolution of sleep duration and screen time between 2018 and 2022 among Canadian adolescents: Evidence of drifts accompanying the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health, 74(5), 980-988. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.12.023 

Poulain, T., Hilbert, C., Grundmann, A., & Kiess, W. (2024). Associations between media use at bedtime and sleep: A cross-sectional analysis on differences between girls and boys. Front. Psychol, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290935 

Reardon, A., Lushington, K., & Agostini, A. (2023). Adolescent sleep, distress, and technology use: Weekday versus weekend. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(1), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12616 

Restrepo, A., Scheininger, T., Clucas, J., Alexander, L., Salum, G.A., Georgiades, K.,…& Milham, M.P. (2020). Problematic internet use in children and adolescents: Associations with psychiatric disorders and impairment. BMC Psychiatry, 20(252). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02640-x 

Royant-Parola, S., Londe, V., Tréhout, S., & Hartley, S. (2018). The use of social media modifies teenagers’ sleep-related behavior. L’encephale, 44(4), 321-328. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2017.03.009 

Scott, H., Biello, S.M., & Woods, H.C. (2019). Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: The adolescent perspective. Sleep Health, 5(6), 539-545. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.07.006 

Smith, C., de Wilde, T., Taylor, R.W., & Galland, B.C. (2020). Prebedtime screen use in adolescents: A survey of habits, barriers, and perceived acceptability of potential interventions. J Adolesc Health, 66(6), 725–732. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.12.007 

Twenge, J.M., Hisler, G.C., & Krizan, Z. (2019). Associations between screen time and sleep duration are primarily driven by portable electronic devices: Evidence from a population-based study of U.S. children ages 0–17. Sleep Med, 56, 211–218. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.11.009 

Vézina-Im, L., Beaulieu, D., Turcotte, S., Roussel-Ouellet, J., Labbé, V., & Bouchard, D. (2022). Association between recreational screen time and sleep quality among adolescents during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159019 

Yoon, J.Y., Jeong, K.H., & Cho, H.J. (2021). The effects of children’s smartphone addiction on sleep duration: The moderating effects of gender and age. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115943 

Zhu, R., Fang, H., Chen, M., Hu, X., Cao, Y., Yang, F., & Xia, K. (2020). Screen time and sleep disorder in preschool children: Identifying the safe threshold in a digital world. Public Health, 186, 204–210. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.028